Saturday, September 24, 2011

End Slavery NOW! Interactive Map

End Slavery Now - Interactive map

Global Anti-Slavery Action Map Advances Fight Against Human Trafficking

Some of you who are active in Human Rights issues may have already gotten the scoop on this, but several new interactive maps about modern day slavery and a “Slavery Footprint” survey app (similar to the Carbon footprint ones) have been launched within the past few days.  
“End Slavery Now (ESN) today announced the successful launch of the new anti-slavery ‘Action on the Ground’ project map, the first comprehensive and interactive web-based app to track the global fight against human trafficking.  The new tool allows partner NGOs around the world to upload projects, photos and links; making it easy to see what organizations are doing to rescue, rehabilitate and reintegrate modern-day slaves, as well as stem demand. 
Leading anti-slavery nonprofits including Free the Slaves, Polaris Project, Shared Hope International and International Justice Mission helped seed the map with their work.  Icons distinguish the varied forms of modern slavery, such as forced labor, child soldiers, or sex trafficking.
‘The world map looks depressing when you flag it with the types of slavery that people endure in different countries,’ said Dr. Kevin Bales, co-founder and president of Free the Slaves. ‘But it can look quite hopeful when you also flag it with the frontline projects that are combating slavery around the globe.’  Prior to the launch, participating NGOs posted over 80 projects in 30 countries.  More actions are being uploaded daily.
Lauren Taylor, ESN's founder and president, said, ‘Our goal is to create the most comprehensive visualization of the movement's true scope, and by doing so foster greater coordination, cooperation and communication amongst all the members.’
‘Now that's a map with the kind of information I -- and others -- can use,’ said Jim Greenbaum, founder and managing director of The Greenbaum Foundation, and member of the Clinton Global Initiative (CGI).  Mr. Greenbaum is attending CGI's annual meeting in New York City this week, where he is directing NGOs and other philanthropists to the website. ‘This is the tool we've all been waiting for.’
As a free public resource, the project map can be viewed by anyone with access to the Internet.  ‘What's equally important about this initiative is that now we'll be able to see the gaps where the work isn't being done,’ said Amanda Kloer, a Director of Organizing for Change.org and Special Correspondent for CNN's Freedom Project. ‘As the anti-slavery movement gains momentum, this platform will help funders, activists, organizations and agencies use their resources wisely, instead of duplicating efforts. 27 million people are counting on it.’

About End Slavery Now
End Slavery Now (ESN) is a Washington, DC-based nonprofit working to end modern slavery by developing a comprehensive Internet-based platform for growing and advancing the anti-trafficking movement that: integrates resources to allow members of the anti-trafficking movement to efficiently coordinate their respective efforts to combat slavery; allows information to be shared with, and resources directed toward, partners and other stakeholders; coordinates grassroots efforts through social networking and allows individuals to make meaningful contributions in the anti-trafficking movement.  Since its founding in 2009, ESN has launched the ESN Take Action database and the New Underground Railroad, the world's largest database of volunteers, facilities and service providers working together to fight human trafficking.  For more information, please visit www.endslaverynow.com
From http://www.marketwatch.com/story/global-anti-slavery-action-map-advances-fight-against-human-trafficking-2011-09-21

The Products of Slavery

Anti-Slavery International (ASI)”Products of Slavery” interactive map of slave labor
Another good website for interactive info on global slavery, this time from the point of view of product supply chains, is at http://www.productsofslavery.org/  It shows where products are being made using child labor or forced labor.

“Last October, Free the Slaves’ UK partner Anti-Slavery International (ASI) launched an interactive website that helps consumers get a global snapshot of slave labor in product supply chains.  ProductsofSlavery.org shows you which products and industries have been found to use slave labor—and where in the world this occurs.  The interactive map is based on data compiled by the U.S. Department of Labor in a 2009 report.
Founded in 1839, ASI is the oldest human rights organization in the world. In 1850, they were already targeting slavery in supply chains with their “slave-free produce” action groups, which promoted the consumption of slave-free plantation sugar. ASI was way ahead of its time—because 160 years later, the elimination of slavery in supply chains is now the focus of many activists and policy makers in the anti-slavery movement.
Just last September, California passed the Supply Chain Transparency Act, which requires all companies that gross over $100 million to disclose what they do to eliminate slavery in their supply chains. And in July, legislation was passed that requires U.S. companies to similarly disclose their efforts to eradicate slavery in products made with Congo minerals.”
From Free The Slaves website at http://ftsblog.net/tag/sb-657/

The "Slavery Footprint" Survey

Take the Slavery Footprint Survey http://slaveryfootprint.org/

Can Social Media End Modern Slavery?
9/23/2011
“How many people does your lifestyle enslave? A new website and mobile app will calculate your ‘slavery footprint’ based on how many forced laborers around the world likely harvested the beans in your coffee or mined the mica in your eyeshadow.
The sleekly-designed application—which queries users on their consumption habits, then helps them draft letters to companies addressing the slaves in their supply chains—is aimed squarely at the socially-minded social media user accustomed to the instant gratification of accessing e-activism in her back pocket. Sign a petition! Tweet a hashtag!  End modern slavery in 11 easy steps! The technological approach is already a hit:  After launching yesterday morning, overwhelming traffic crashed the website for much of the day.
Now back online, the application has some clever built-in features to manage some of the more problematic aspects of keypad activism. While the app helpfully identifies the forced labor products sitting in your garage, coffee grinder, and medicine cabinet, it can't tell you how to buy your way out of the slavery supply chain by switching from Starbucks to Caribou or Revlon to MAC. ‘We wanted to make the application brand-agnostic because this is an issue that is affecting everyone,’ says Ambassador Luis CdeBaca of the State Department's Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, who helped develop the app. ‘There is not a company out there that isn't tied up in this in some way.’
That feature tends to complicate the human slavery accountability process for consumers. Coffee drinkers and cosmetics users can't just wash their hands of forced labor by firing off an angry letter and realigning their brand allegiances, and that's a good thing. ‘We're not interested in rewarding or punishing one particular brand right now,’ says Justin Dillon, the developer behind the app.  If only select companies were to eliminate slavery from their supply chains, that could create a problematic economy for non-slave products.  Instead, the Slavery Footprint hopes to build enough pressure around the issue to bring about industry-wide change.  Dillon says he wants to avoid creating a market for ‘boutique’ products built without slave labor that are only accessible to well-to-do consumers with ‘more discretionary income to spend on ethically-sourced products.’  If any particular company pledges to eliminate its reliance on slave labor in its production process, ‘that's great,’ says Dillon, ‘but there are still 27 million-plus people in these conditions.  We don't want to give anyone the opportunity to just jump off the bus.’
Even radical lifestyle changes are unlikely to cut any consumer's Slavery Footprint down to zero.  As the application makes clear, slave labor is so pervasive in the American lifestyle that eliminating all the produce, transportation, and electronics that employ forced laborers is impossible (even the smartphone you use to access the application was likely built with slave labor). ‘You're going to be touched by slavery no matter what, and I think that's actually a liberating thing,’ says CdeBaca.  ‘We can no longer say that this is someone else’s problem.  I don’t have a maid in my basement that I’m abusing,’ CdeBaca says, but he does ‘eat shrimp that contributes to people being enslaved in Thailand and Malaysia.’  The point came home to CdeBaca while sitting in a business meeting about the project, when he realized that everyone in attendance was using smartphones and wearing cotton shirts. ‘If there was shrimp laying around,’ CdeBaca says, ‘we probably would have eaten it.’
American consumers aren't currently equipped to eliminate their contributions to modern slavery, so the app's developers hope a heightened awareness of that fact will be powerful enough to spark change.  With the app, consumers are empowered to inform companies:  ‘I'm in the store, looking at your product, thinking about slavery,’ CdeBaca says. ‘My activism is more judo than karate,’ Dillon adds.  ‘Almost everything we consume is made with slavery. Why not try to use the benefits of those products to actually fix the problem?’ from http://www.good.is/post/can-social-media-end-modern-slavery/?utm_content=headline&utm_medium=hp_carousel&utm_source=slide_5


That Slavery Footprint survey somehow reminds me of the late-18th and early-19th Century English abolitionists who refused to use sugar in their tea because it supported the plantation slave trade. It was called "Sugar Abstention," since the term "Boycott" didn't come into being until the late 1800's.  The practice of "boycotting" was named after an Irish land agent of the same name who was apparently cruel enough in his dealings with his tenants that the entire local community shunned him and refused to either work for him or sell him goods (or even to deliver his mail!) You know things are seriously bad when they name something like that after you! The term now-a-days for a prolonged boycott is "moral purchasing."  

This is by the Chalk Project, the same people who chalked the names of the Triangle Fire victims on streets of NYC for the anniversary of the fire. See http://geographer-at-large.blogspot.com/2011/02/100-years-later-triangle-shirtwaist.html


And one last map – Trafficking of Females from http://www.reachandteach.com/content/article.php/traffic

 Oh, I know I said this is the last map three maps ago, but I am adding a couple more! Some of these are not the greatest cartographically, but they do make their point.  And as I always say, "A clear map IS a beautiful map." 



 A little historical perspective...
Slave Trade from Africa to the Americas 1650-1860:  Outflow of Africans to the Americas and Europe. This one is from an interesting blog about slavery http://www.slaveryblog.org/

And this really is the last one, just because it is so nice, cartographically (even though the resolution sucks).


TransAtlantic Slave Trade Routes

For those of you with an interest in history (and what right-thinking person doesn't have an interest in history, I ask you!) I also highly recommend the beautiful book "Atlas of the Transatlantic Slave Trade," by Eltis and Richardon, 2010, Yale University Press.  It was featured in my "Geography Beach Books" post and one day I will post a review of it. But if you can't buy it, take it out of the library - it is a really special book.




http://geographer-at-large.blogspot.com/2011/05/geography-beach-books.html

Thursday, September 22, 2011

Another Milestone – 100 Posts!


from a 1956 French Geography Textbook

OK, folks, another milestone has been reached by my blog – I have made it to 100 posts!  This one constitutes my 101st posting!  My stats have changed since I wrote the last milestone post at the 6-month mark back in June, 2011.  http://geographer-at-large.blogspot.com/2011/06/six-month-mark-of-geographer-at-large.html And I have started a new feature called the Map of the Week, which is a lot of fun for me to put together, since it involves just looking for, finding, and researching about interesting maps and other types of geographic images and data visualizations.  And we just successfully ran our first map-inspired contest.  http://geographer-at-large.blogspot.com/2011/09/we-have-winner.html

Blog Statistics:
Other than that, blog statistics have been changing, too.  The first month of the blog back in January, 2011, attracted about 1,500 page views, whereas now the blog’s highpoint numerically was August, 2011, with 13,332 page views for the month.  Daily high was on August 25th with 3,318 page views.  This was due to the impending hurricane, and the hurricane maps I had posted.  Almost all of these viewers were from the NYC metro area and the rest of the northeast.  It looks like we will finish up the month of September with about 11,000, based on the current 9,000+ page views as of this morning.  Overall total page views for “all time” is 51,000+.  And recently, the average daily has been around 400-500. 

Favorite Posts (by number of page views):

The “All Time” favorite postings are as follows,

Jun 25, 2011, 5 comments
7,944 Pageviews
Jun 16, 2011
1,919 Pageviews
Jun 17, 2011
1,435 Pageviews
Apr 3, 2011
1,236 Pageviews
May 16, 2011
1,214 Pageviews
Aug 11, 2011
1,051 Pageviews
Feb 26, 2011
964 Pageviews
Feb 21, 2011, 5 comments
913 Pageviews
Jun 16, 2011
882 Pageviews
Mar 27, 2011, 1 comment
633 Pageviews

Some of my personal favorites have come off the 6-month mark list, old stalwarts like “Kodachrome and the Great Depression,” http://geographer-at-large.blogspot.com/search/label/Great%20Depression and “Mapping Urban Inequality: Using the GINI Coefficient to Measure the Urban Dividehttp://geographer-at-large.blogspot.com/search/label/Gini%20coefficient but new ones have joined the list, such as “Unconventional (yet informative!) Maps of the Big Apple,” and, somewhat inexplicably, “Fun with Map Projections: Oblique Case.

Blog viewers:
The blog’s highest viewing country remains the United States, with over 33,000 page views, followed by the UK, Canada, Australia, Germany, Greece, France, India, the Netherlands, and South Africa.
The blog’s highest viewing individuals are from (in no particular order) New York, NY; Brooklyn, NY; Mesa, Arizona; Johannesburg, South Africa; Emerson, NJ; Cincinnati, OH; Forest Hills, NY; Athens, Greece; and Barcelona, Spain.  The highest individual page viewer visited the site more than 500 times.  It wasn’t me!  I have elected not to track my own page views or have them counted in the totals. 
The map of blog viewers’ countries has been significantly filled in from last time.  As you may recall, at the 6-month mark I was lamenting that no one from geographically large countries like Ethiopia and Kazakhstan had pinged in, and now they have! 
People in a total of 155 countries have viewed the blog, including new-timers such as Iceland, Papua New Guinea, Armenia, Swaziland, Botswana, Senegal, Monaco, and Guernsey.  I am now just waiting for some last hold-outs, like Antarctica, Vatican City, Andorra, Tajikistan, Gaza, Gibraltar, Myanmar, Pitcairn Islands, and St. Pierre and Miquelon! 

Search Terms
One thing that I’ve been looking at more “scientifically” is the type of search terms that bring viewers to my blog.  Most of them are fairly normal and straightforward, like “flat globe projection,” or “Indiana Jones World Map,” or “Desert tortoise habitat map.”  But then there are MANY others, and some are so funny!  Either they are from people who don’t know how to use search terms, or, well, I don’t want to be insulting, but I do have to wonder at some of these.  I have collected some of the more strange and hilarious ones for your amusement. 

Funny Google search terms that led to my blog

first i was in france for short visit :p but i wasn't happy there  [This has got to be one of the best search terms I have ever seen!]

tiger poops japan [OK, in a weird way, I understand this one! AND – it actually matches up with an image in one of my blog postings on zoomorphic satirical maps.]

maps of jewish countries [are there many of these Jewish countries?]

continents duck [huh?]

dog with globe {again, huh?]

world map north American deserts [why do you need a world map if you are interested in just American deserts?]

where's puerto rico on a map [There were many searches asking for where is some place or another on a map.  I am not sure what is wrong with these people.  I could understand it a little bit if the places they were looking for were remote or unusual, but c’mon!  Puerto Rico? Really?]

where is tombo on a map? [this is like “where’s Waldo?”  Where is Tombo, anyway?  It turns out, it is not really a place, but a language, one of the Dogon languages of Mali in west Africa. Interestingly enough, especially considering my love of these creatures, it is also the Japanese word for dragonfly!]

where's wall street map [getting tedious now]

hipsters are the source of all problems in the world [yes, we can all agree on this, but why are you searching on those words, anyway?]

goddess homolosine  [they most probably meant Goode’s homolosine, but believe it or not about 12 people searched with the same mistaken spelling!]

map of the north pole its vegetation – [yeah, good luck with finding anything much on that one!]

not happy  [what on earth was this person searching for? And what post on my blog did they match THIS up with?]

ancient print feathers 1854  [HUH?]

Hookerville, central park [pretty sure they meant “Hooverville” but maybe there was a Hookerville in Central Park, as well! Anyway, their search term led them to my post about the Depression and Kodachrome, where I talk briefly about Hoovervilles around the country, so I hope they found what they were looking for]

Sunday, September 18, 2011

We Have a Winner!


Map Projection Identification Contest Prize – The book “Mapping Curiosities,” by the Royal Geographical Society, 2009, Pomegranate Europe, Warwick, UK.  The book’s cover shows “Map of the World showing the extent of the British Empire in 1886.”  Map by Sir John Charles Ready Colomb (English, 1838-1890) from “Imperial Federation: Naval and Military” (London, 1886).

As most of you know, we ran a Map Projection Identification Contest last week - see  http://geographer-at-large.blogspot.com/2011/09/name-that-map-projection.html.  Despite several joke-y contest entries (for instance – “It’s the John Boehner hairpiece projection!”), we have a winner.  This was also despite the little snafu with the map projection image itself - the genius blogger that I am posted the image and left the name of the projection as the name of the image, for all the world to see if they only right-clicked on the image.  I was afraid I would be deluged with bogus correct answers, based on the tell-tale and rather ridiculously large clue I left on the contest page itself.  This was mercifully brought to my attention within a few hours of posting by a very honest geography doctoral student, who sent me an e-mail saying “psst…you should quickly change the name of the image because clicking on it gives it away!!!!” and of course made me feel like a foolish idiot in the process – which I’m sure was not his intention, but was very effective at doing so nonetheless!  And also mercifully, apparently no one looked very closely at the post until after I had changed the name of the image.
In any event - and why should this post be any different than my usual overly-wordy texts? – we have a winner! 

Here’s the FIRST, FASTEST, CORRECT response to the Map Projection Contest question:

From Jenn Brisbane, GISc analyst at the NYC DoITT (Department of Information Technology and Telecommunications):

“It's the Craig Retroazimuthal map projection - also known as the Mecca projection - because it was created to help Muslims figure out which direction to pray in. This map projection preserves directionality! (the following is from Wikipedia):
‘The Craig retroazimuthal map projection was created by James Ireland Craig in 1909.  It is a cylindrical projection preserving the direction from any place to another, predetermined place while avoiding some of the bizarre distortion of the Hammer retroazimuthal projection.  It is sometimes known as the Mecca projection because Craig, who'd worked in Egypt as a cartographer, created it to help Muslims find their qibla.’”

I then followed up with Jenn, told her she had won the prize, and asked how she managed to figure it out.  Here’s what she said:

“Well, after google image searching ‘map projections’ till my eyes glazed over, I googled ‘weird map projections’ and ‘unusual map projections’ and came across a powerpoint presentation for some class.  One of the slides showed the Hinks' Retroazimuthal Projection which looked somewhat similar to the image on your blog.  I googled more about that projection and found a paper by Walter Tobler about retro-azimuthal maps where he mentions the Craig projection (which I google imaged searched and found it matched your image) and the Hammer projection - an equally silly-looking projection!  The Tobler paper is titled ‘Qibla, and Related, Map Projections.’
‘The Qibla problem - determination of the direction to Mecca - has given rise to retro-azimuthal map projections, an interesting, albeit unusual and little known, class of map projections. Principal contributors to this subject were Craig and Hammer, both writing in 1910.’
Is there really a prize?? Exciting! 
Alright now, who answered ‘The John Boehner's hairpiece projection’?  Was that Andrew??  I think that answer deserves a prize as well!!”
jenn

I received a couple of other correct responses, but too late! The early bird, etc., etc. 
Honorary Mentions: 
“I believe it to be a Craig retroazimuthal projection.  The analytic function is similar to the inflow equation for a helicopter rotor. My near-east friends reminded me that it can be centered (as the equations are for the center of a helicopter hub) at any important place, such as Mecca.” from U-know-who (this is from my brother Wayne, the ace helicopter designer for NASA, also the originator of the John Boehner’s hairpiece projection entry. Also, I think he is counting on none of us knowing doodley squat about helicopter rotor design inflow equations, and therefore feels free to make any possibly spurious analogies he wants to!  Not that he would ever do that, of course!)

And from Andrew (“Salty Language”) Maroko, Geography/GISc Professor extraordinaire:

A few other worthies made good guesses, some close, but no cigar.  And of course, a big shout out to Keith Miyake, who pointed out my drastic oversight in having the mystery map projection image actually entitled with the correct response.  (although apparently most people didn’t notice it, or if they did, were too polite or blasé to tell me I made a mistake). 

The contest prize was the book “Mapping Curiosities,” by the Royal Geographical Society in the UK, and the book contains reproductions of many well-known cartographic examples from the RGS collections (such as Mercator’s 16th century world map, and Claudius Ptolemy’s 2nd century world map) as well as a number of more obscure maps (such as the route map of the 1953 expedition from Kathmandu to Mount Everest, and an aviation map of France for World War I night flying)..See http://geographer-at-large.blogspot.com/2011/07/my-visit-to-royal-geographical-society.html for narrative on my recent visit to the Royal Geographical Society headquarters in London. 
The book’s Introduction states “When the Royal Geographical Society was founded in 1830, one of its aims was expressly stated to be the formation of a ‘complete collection of maps and charts from the earliest periods of rude geographical delineations to the most improved of the present time.’….. In the 1840’s, through its association with the era of African discovery, events in Africa began to stimulate further public interest in mapping, and it is recorded that the Map Room was ‘daily visited by intelligent strangers as well as by members generally.’  It was at this time that manuscript maps by African explorers like Livingstone also began to come to the Map Room.  During the remainder of the nineteenth century, extensive efforts were made to complete the existing holdings of maps and to extend the scope of the collection with commitments made by the India Office, Army Map Service, US Army, and other institutions to provide copies of all their mapping output.…By early to mid twentieth century, annual receipts numbers some 9,000-10,000 sheets of maps and approximately 30 atlases every year, supplied by a wide range of international governmental departments, academics, and individuals with a passion for maps and mapping.  Today, the Society holds the world’s largest private map collection, including over 1 million sheets of maps and charts, 3,000 atlases, 40 globes (as gores or mounted on stands) and 1,000 gazetteers.  Rare antiquarian maps, atlases, and gazetteers continue to be presented to the Society….with the earliest printed items dating back to the fifteenth century.  In addition, the collection includes manuscript materials from the mid-sixteenth century onwards, aerial photography, and contemporary satellite images, making this one of the world’s most comprehensive resources relating to maps and mapping for a wide variety of users.”   See www.rgs.org/collections for more maps and info.  

The Craig Retro-Azimuthal Projection, from the original post about the contest.  http://geographer-at-large.blogspot.com/2011/09/name-that-map-projection.html

Also see the Map of the Week 9-19-2011 post for further details about Mecca-centric map projections.  http://geographer-at-large.blogspot.com/2011/09/map-of-week-9-19-2011-mecca-at-center.html

Map of the Week 9-19-2011: Mecca at the Center of the World

“From whencesoever Thou startest forth, turn Thy face in the direction of the sacred Mosque; that is indeed the truth from the Lord. And Allah is not unmindful of what ye do” (Qur'an 2:149–150).


 Mecca at the Center of the World

Equidistant azimuthal projection, centered on Mecca, and green lines showing the Qibla (shortest direction to Kaaba in Mecca, 21° 25′ 21″ N, 39° 49′ 34″ E)  The problem with this projection is that is shows correctly directions FROM Mecca, but not directions TO Mecca, which is what is needed to know in which direction to pray.  For that we need an entirely different kind of projection, a Retro-Azimuthal Projection. 

“Qibla (or qiblah; Arabic: قبلة‎) is an Arabic word for the direction that should be faced when a Muslim prays during Salah, the Islamic practice of formal prayer, usually performed five times a day. Since 622 AD, that direction has been towards Kaaba (The Cube), a cube-shaped building in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, which is the most sacred site in Islam. Muslim mosques are aligned with qibla, Muslims are buried with their faces in the direction of the qibla, and the fact that all Muslims pray towards the Kaaba is traditionally considered to be a symbol of the unity of all Muslims worldwide,”  (Wikipedia, Qibla).
But there are quibbles about qibla.  A July 19 CNN article comments, “Indonesian Muslims have been praying in the wrong direction, the country's highest Islamic authority has said.  The Indonesian Ulema Council told the country's Muslim populace in March to turn west when they offered their daily prayers.  Muslims are supposed to face the Kaaba, the religion's most sacred site in the city of Mecca in Saudi Arabia.  At the time, the council said that the direction of Kaaba from Indonesia laid to the west.  Turns out, it didn't.  Africa did.  So, on Friday, the council issued a new edict: face northwest.” 
Qibla has always been somewhat problematic.  “The determination of the qibla has in the past exercised the minds of the greatest astronomers, geographers, and mathematicians of the Islamic world.  Already in the late 8th century, sophisticated mathematical solutions were developed that were based on spherical trigonometry and the geographical knowledge of that period.  The most commonly adopted algorithm was based on the great-circle path (or shortest-distance path) connecting the observer with the Ka‘ba in Mecca and determining its angle with the direction to North” (“Determining the Sacred Direction of Islam,” from: http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/qibla.htm)
 “Several Muslim mathematicians and astronomers, such as Abu Rayhan Biruni, have discussed the correct way of determining the Qiblah direction from any point on the Earth's surface.  They agree that at the two moments in each year when the sun is directly overhead the Kaaba, the direction of shadows in any sunlit place will point directly away from the Qiblah. This happens on May 27 or May 28 at 9:18 GMT and on July 15 or July 16 at 9:27 GMT. Likewise there are two moments in each year when the Sun is directly over the antipodes of the Kaaba.  This happens on January 12 or January 13 at 21:29 GMT and on November 28 at 21:09 GMT.  Because the Earth is almost a sphere, this is almost the same as saying that the Qiblah from a place is the direction in which a bird would start flying in order to get to the Kaaba by the shortest possible way,” (Wikipedia, Qibla).
“The Craig retroazimuthal map projection was created by James Ireland Craig in 1909. It is a cylindrical projection preserving the direction from any place to another, predetermined place while avoiding some of the bizarre distortion of the Hammer retroazimuthal projection. It is sometimes known as the Mecca projection because Craig, who'd worked in Egypt as a cartographer, created it to help Muslims find their qibla.

The Craig Retro-azimuthal (aka "Mecca") projection.  "Centred on Makkah, you can measure the great-circle azimuth to Makkah from any other point on the map by measuring the angle from the vertical.  Like all retroazimuthal projections, distortion is high near the edges, and there are unusual 'wrap around' effects, seen here as an overlap in the reticle at the bottom of the map."


“A stereographic projection taken from Waldo Tobler’s PowerPoint presentation.  As Waldo notes in his article, ‘Qibla and Related Map Projections,’ ‘The Qibla problem - determination of the direction to Mecca - has given rise to retro-azimuthal map projections, an interesting, albeit unusual and little known, class of map projections.’” 

Today, there are several web sites devoted to finding qibla from any place on earth; for example, a web site called Earth Islamic claims to be “the first satellite-map based Qibla locator service and allows you to “find Qibla direction at any point on Earth accurately.” Debates about finding qibla from space (there have been several Muslim astronauts) resulted in a conference sponsored by the Malaysian National Space Agency in 2006 to address the issue; the conference concluded that the astronauts should determine the location of the qibala "according to [their] capability," and the Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani has stated that Muslim astronauts should face the direction of the Earth (Wikipedia, Qibla).
Waldo Tobler published an excellent article on the subject in 2002 (W. Tobler, 2002, Qibla and Related Map Projections, Cartography and Geographical Information Systems, 29(1): 17-23) at http://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~tobler/publications/pdf_docs/cartography/projections/QiblaProjs.pdf

This is VERY interesting!  Check it out!  A PowerPoint presentation Waldo gave relating to the article can be found here:  http://www.ncgia.ucsb.edu/projects/tobler/Qibla/sld001.htm




 And although this is supposed to be the MAP of the Week, not the MAPS of the Week, I couldn't resist adding this rather nice depiction of the distribution of Muslim population in Africa, Asia, and Europe.
Also, see post "We Have a Winner!" for information about the Map Projection Contest which featured the mystery map projection, aka the Craig Retro-Azimuthal projection.http://geographer-at-large.blogspot.com/2011/09/we-have-winner.html  


Thursday, September 15, 2011

Displaced Children’s Migration Maps


“The first place I lived was at my home with all of my brothers and sisters – those there people are my family.  But we have many children, and I am the youngest, so I left to go to my relative’s house.  After that, I lived with my friend before coming here to attend school.” From: http://bordersphotography.tumblr.com/tagged/Week_Five
  
“This project represents an attempt to examine the impact of forced migration on ethnic minority children from Burma.  Using an anthropological approach that depends heavily on the use of art and photography, the project will address questions of personal, communal, regional, and national identity.

Assignment Five: Migration Map
Draw a map of the different places you’ve lived, starting with where you were born, and ending with where you live now.  Label each place with its location or who you lived with there, and place it on the map.

“This week I followed up with the previous mapping activity, only this time asking the children to expand the scale of their maps instead f focusing on one community, this assignment asked the children to map the different places they have lived since they were born, thus creating a map of their migration experiences.  For children born in eastern Burma, extensive migration in the norm, a report released in 2010 entitled Displaced Childhoods, explains:

‘A generation of the country’s children have been scarred by death, destruction, loss, and neglect at the hands of Burma’s military.  For over four decades, Burma’s military government has forced children from their homes and villages, subjected them to extreme human rights violations, and largely left them to fend for their survival in displacement settings without access to basic provisions or humanitarian services.
Since 2002, Free Burma Rangers (FBR) has independently documented over 180 incidents of displacement, and for the last 14 years both Partners and FBR have procided lifesaving humanitarian service to thousands more.  From 2002 to the end of 009, more than 580,000 civilians, including over 190,000 children, have been forcibly displaced from their homes in Eastern Burma alone.’ 
An estimated one to three million people live as internally displaced persons (IDPs) throughout Burma.  As many as 330,000 to 990,000 of the displaced are children.’  From: http://www.freeburmarangers.org/Resources/Docs/Displaced%20Childhoods%202010%20WV2.pdf

"These statistics are certainly true for my students, regardless of their reasons for leaving their homes.  From this activity, I learned that my students averaged four homes before coming to their current one ( a boarding-type home for students attending a local school).  While all students generally started out life in a traditional family home, other “homes” children included on their maps were varied – from grandparents’ homes, to churches and monasteries, to school homes.”  Text and Images from http://bordersphotography.tumblr.com/tagged/Week_Five

“The first place I lived was in Burma, then moved to a city in Thailand.  Now I live here.  I drew a globe here because I have lived in so many places.”

Note from the Map Monkey:  Although I find these maps extremely interesting on many levels, and I understand the researcher is trying to assess the impact of forced migration on the children through the use of creative visualizations, I also wonder how traumatic it might have been for the children to draw these maps and possibly relive the loss of homes, family, safety, and be graphically reminded of all the suffering and deprivation they have had to endure.  On the other hand, perhaps drawing the maps was somewhat cathartic for the children.  I hope so, otherwise, it seems that the children are just being exploited a little more here. I hope the researchers got IRB approval for this study! 
  
SPDC (State Peace and Development Council) Zones of Control in Burma

Black Zones = SPDC Limited Control/Strong Ethnic Armed Resistance
Brown Zones = SPDC Control/Strong Ethnic Underground
Mixed Zones = Cease Fire/Proxy group/Mixed SPDC Administration
White Zones = SPDC Control























Boy in the rain, fleeing from the Burma Army.
Map and Photo from “Displaced Childhoods”